Revision notes, flashcards, and exam-style questions covering all 10 units of the JCE Moral Education syllabus.
Unit 1
Introduction to Morality
Lesson 1: The Nature and Importance of Morality
Morality is about understanding what is right or wrong, and what is good or bad. People's understanding of morality differs, because they were brought up differently.
Morality comprises three aspects: moral action (an action that is right or good), amoral action (an action with no moral significance, neither right nor wrong), and immoral action (an action that is wrong or bad).
Morality comes from several sources, including religion, philosophy, tradition, and culture. Morality is an important aspect of life, as it influences our behaviour positively.
Lesson 2: Values
Values are principles that people consider important. Our values influence our opinions, attitudes, and the way we behave. Values and morality are closely connected, because they both help shape our behaviour and our lives.
There are different types of values, including social values, moral values, aesthetic values, economic values, political values, and cultural values.
A moral value is something we consider important in our lives, which helps us behave in a way that is good and acceptable to society. Examples of moral values include unity, compassion, humility, sharing, empathy, and cooperation.
Societies apply moral values among their members. In Botswana, the moral value of cooperation is applied through practices such as motshelo and mafisa. The moral value of botho (being humane) is shown in the hospitality given to strangers — for example, an extra dish was often prepared to serve any stranger who might visit the household.
Moral values can be applied at the personal, social, and global level.
Lesson 3: Decision-Making
Decision-making is an important skill that we all need, and one that improves with practice and experience. It involves making judgments and choices, and is one of the most important human skills — we make choices throughout our lives, every minute, every hour, every day, ranging from simple decisions to life-changing ones.
Decision-making is a process that enables us to make good or right choices; in other words, it is an act of reaching a conclusion about something. Decisions are made at different levels: personal, family, community, national, and global.
There are two types of decisions: simple decisions and major or complex decisions. Decision-making skills include seven major steps that help us make right, informed decisions:
Identifying the problem
Collecting information
Identifying possible solutions
Examining possible solutions
Choosing the best alternative
Evaluating the decision chosen
Implementation, or acting upon one's decision
The seven steps of good decision-making form a cycle: after implementing a decision, evaluating how it worked out feeds into identifying the next problem more effectively.
Worked example — applying the seven steps
Naledi's friends want her to skip the last class to go to town, but she has a test the next day.
1. Identify the problem: Should Naledi skip class to go to town?
2. Collect information: What happens if she misses class? How much revision time will she lose?
3. Identify possible solutions: Go with friends; stay and revise; go for a short time then come back.
4. Examine possible solutions: Going risks her test mark and getting in trouble; staying protects both.
5. Choose the best alternative: Stay and revise, and suggest going out after the test instead.
6. Evaluate the decision: Did staying help her feel more prepared and confident for the test?
7. Implement: Naledi tells her friends she'll join them after the test, and starts revising.
Moral vs amoral vs immoral: don't mix them up
Moral action = right or good (e.g. helping a neighbour)
Amoral action = has NO moral significance at all — neither right nor wrong (e.g. choosing what colour socks to wear)
Immoral action = wrong or bad (e.g. stealing)
Exam trap: "amoral" does NOT mean "very immoral" — it means the action doesn't involve morality in the first place
Topic 2
Personal Development
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DefinitionUnderstanding what is right or wrong, and what is good or bad.
TermMoral action
DefinitionAn action that is right or good.
TermAmoral action
DefinitionAn action with no moral significance, neither right nor wrong.
TermImmoral action
DefinitionAn action that is wrong or bad.
TermSources of morality
DefinitionReligion, philosophy, tradition, and culture.
TermValues
DefinitionPrinciples that people consider important.
TermMoral value
DefinitionSomething considered important that helps us behave in a way that is good and acceptable to society, e.g. compassion, sharing.
TermMotshelo and Mafisa
DefinitionBotswana practices that apply the moral value of cooperation.
TermBotho
DefinitionBeing humane; shown in Botswana through hospitality given to strangers.
TermDecision-making
DefinitionA process of making judgments and choices, enabling us to reach a conclusion about something.
TermLevels of decision-making
DefinitionPersonal, family, community, national, and global.
TermSeven steps of decision-making
DefinitionIdentify the problem, collect information, identify solutions, examine solutions, choose the best alternative, evaluate the decision, implement it.
TermSelf-concept
DefinitionThe way we see and understand ourselves.
TermSelf-esteem
DefinitionThe feeling we have about ourselves, which can be positive or negative.
TermSelf-confidence
DefinitionThe trust and certainty we have in ourselves.
TermSelf-assertiveness
DefinitionThe ability to express our feelings without hurting other people.
TermAutonomy
DefinitionThe ability to act independently, without influence from other people.
TermFactors affecting autonomy
DefinitionAge, physical condition, level of education, and social position.
TermAutonomy aids for people with disabilities
DefinitionArtificial limbs or wheelchairs, sign language, Braille, and education.
TermInterpersonal
DefinitionThe interaction between people.
TermInterpersonal relationships
DefinitionConnections that people form with others, e.g. family, intimacy, friendship, professional.
TermEmpathy
DefinitionBeing sensitive to the feelings of others.
TermAdolescence
DefinitionThe stage of development between childhood and adulthood, involving physical, emotional, social, and mental changes.
TermPuberty
DefinitionThe period of rapid physical growth and development during adolescence.
TermResilience
DefinitionThe ability to cope with and recover from challenges, built through supportive relationships and self-worth.
TermFamily
DefinitionA group of people living together and related to each other.
TermCultural norms in Botswana families
DefinitionRespect, love, sharing, and cooperation.
TermNuclear family
DefinitionA type of family structure, typically parents and their children.
TermExtended family
DefinitionA type of family structure including relatives beyond parents and children.
TermFamily resources
DefinitionProperty such as cattle, finances, and houses, which a family has a responsibility to manage.
TermAgents of change
DefinitionFactors that influence and bring about changes in a person's behaviour, e.g. peer pressure, mass media, role models.
TermExamples of agents of change
DefinitionPeer pressure, mass media, religious/cultural beliefs, role models, families, school, community.
TermDeath
DefinitionThe end of life.
TermWill
DefinitionA document important for avoiding disputes and conflicts among family members after death.
TermAbortion
DefinitionThe removal of the foetus from the womb.
TermSpontaneous abortion
DefinitionAbortion that happens naturally.
TermInduced abortion
DefinitionAbortion that is assisted.
TermBotswana law on abortion
DefinitionAllows abortion only if the mother or foetus is at risk.
TermSuicide
DefinitionWhen a person ends their own life deliberately, or on purpose.
TermSuicide prevention
DefinitionCan be helped by proper counselling structures and parents considering their children's needs.
TermEuthanasia
DefinitionPainless killing, or ending someone's suffering; also known as mercy killing.
TermPassive euthanasia
DefinitionA form of euthanasia, e.g. withholding treatment to allow death.
TermActive euthanasia
DefinitionA form of euthanasia involving a deliberate act to end life.
TermScientific methods to prolong life
DefinitionE.g. organ donation, operations, drugs; have both successes and limitations, raising moral implications.
TermHIV/AIDS
DefinitionAIDS is caused by the HI virus, which weakens the immune system and gives other diseases a chance to attack the body.
TermSTI
DefinitionA sexually transmitted infection, passed on through unprotected sexual contact with an infected person.
TermARV therapy
DefinitionAntiretroviral treatment started when a person is HIV positive with a CD4 count below 200, or has an AIDS-defining illness like TB.
TermDefaulting
DefinitionMissing ARV doses, which allows the virus to multiply and weakens the body further.
TermPositive living
DefinitionLiving well and taking care of one's health while HIV positive, helping to prolong life.
TermStigma
DefinitionNegative attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS; reduced by meeting and interacting with them.
TermInfertility
DefinitionThe inability to produce an offspring; affects both men and women.
TermIn vitro fertilisation
DefinitionA modern method of addressing infertility, also known as the "test-tube baby" method.
TermArtificial insemination
DefinitionA modern method of addressing infertility using a donor's or spouse's sperm.
TermMoral issues in infertility treatment
DefinitionQuestions over who the real parents are, emotional stress on parents and children, and risk of child trafficking through adoption.
TermSocial justice
DefinitionTreating all people in society fairly and justly, regardless of their differences.
TermFairness
DefinitionBeing free from discrimination and conforming to rules and set standards.
TermEquality
DefinitionTreating people in the same manner regardless of gender, race, or ethnicity.
TermNepotism
DefinitionFavouring one's relatives; an example of unfairness.
TermXenophobia
DefinitionHostility toward foreigners; an example of unfairness.
TermSocial institutions
DefinitionStructures such as the school, family, church, and regiments (mephato) that offer services and shape moral development.
TermCitizen
DefinitionA person who belongs to a particular country.
TermCitizenship
DefinitionThe state of belonging to a given country.
TermWays of acquiring citizenship in Botswana
DefinitionBirth, descent, adoption, and naturalisation.
TermDuties of a citizen
DefinitionUpholding the constitution, defending the country, protecting public property, participating in public activities, and promoting national goals.
DefinitionThe misuse of a public office for personal gain.
TermCorruption and Economic Crime Act (1994)
DefinitionBotswana law that defines corruption as "abuse of official position for personal gain."
TermViolence
DefinitionThe use of physical or verbal force against oneself or others to establish power and control.
TermCategories of violence
DefinitionPhysical, emotional, sexual, and economic violence.
TermPunishment
DefinitionThe consequence imposed on a person for committing a crime.
TermPurposes of punishment
DefinitionRetribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and protection of society.
TermTradition and the law
DefinitionThe law is based on moral principles from tradition, and can change as society's views on right and wrong change.
TermCauses of crime
DefinitionPoverty, lack of parental guidance, and drug and alcohol abuse, among others.
TermHuman rights
DefinitionMoral and legal guidelines that promote and protect recognition of people's dignity and values.
TermHuman rights violation
DefinitionWhen a person is deprived of the opportunity to enjoy their rights and freedoms.
TermGender
DefinitionThe socially constructed roles of men and women.
TermSex (biological)
DefinitionThe biological characteristics visible in men and women.
TermChildren's rights
DefinitionUniversal moral rights that belong equally to all children, simply because they are human.
TermChildren's Charter
DefinitionAlongside the Botswana Constitution, protects the interests and welfare of children.
TermChild abuse
DefinitionSubjecting a child or minor to degrading and oppressive treatment by an adult.
TermCommon child abuse practices
DefinitionRape, incest, abduction, and child torture.
TermChild care
DefinitionThe holistic services provided to all children for their total development.
TermChild abandonment
DefinitionLeaving a child without care or support; carries serious moral and legal implications.
TermAnimal rights
DefinitionAccepted principles of fairness and justice extended to animals.
TermCaring for animals
DefinitionWell cared-for animals can be a source of revenue, security, and entertainment, and tend to live longer.
TermGMO
DefinitionGenetically modified organism — one whose genetic material has been altered using DNA technology.
TermCloning
DefinitionUsing the cells of a plant or animal to make a new one with the same DNA as the original.
TermClone
DefinitionA person, plant, or animal that is an exact copy of another.
TermWork ethics
DefinitionThe obligations of employers and employees to treat each other fairly in the workplace.
TermNepotism and favouritism at work
DefinitionUnfair treatment in the workplace that undermines fairness and can harm both employees and the organisation.
TermEnvironmental sustainability
DefinitionManaging the environment responsibly so it can sustain both current and future generations.
TermGlobal warming
DefinitionCaused by mismanagement of the environment, e.g. deforestation and pollution; threatens humans and can drive species extinct.
TermEnvironmental mismanagement
DefinitionE.g. littering, deforestation, and pollution; morally wrong because it puts people's health at risk.
TermSex education
DefinitionThe process of providing information on issues of sexuality, e.g. abstinence, contraception, HIV/AIDS, teenage pregnancy.
TermAbstinence
DefinitionRefraining from sexual activity or sexual relations.
TermChastity
DefinitionAbstaining from sexual intercourse for personal reasons.
TermCelibacy
DefinitionAbstaining from sexual activity to focus on serving God, often choosing not to marry.
TermSexual orientation
DefinitionIntimate bonds between individuals that involve sexual attraction; includes heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality.
TermGender-based violence (GBV)
DefinitionViolence directed at a person because of their gender.
TermMarriage
DefinitionA legal union between a man and a woman.
TermPolygyny and polyandry
DefinitionPolygyny = one husband, multiple wives. Polyandry = one wife, multiple husbands.
TermTeenage pregnancy
DefinitionWhen a girl aged 13 to 19 falls pregnant.
TermContraceptives
DefinitionMethods used to prevent pregnancy, e.g. condoms, the pill, sterilisation.
TermNatural contraception methods
DefinitionAbstinence, the rhythm method, the withdrawal method, and prolonged breastfeeding.
TermRoman Catholic view on contraception
DefinitionOpposes contraception, believing it interferes with procreation.
Unit 1
Introduction to Morality
1
2 marks
Define "morality."
Model answerMorality is about understanding what is right or wrong, and what is good or bad.
2
2 marks
Explain why people's understanding of morality differs.
Model answerBecause people were brought up differently, e.g. in different families, cultures, or environments.
3
3 marks
Name and define the three aspects of morality.
Model answerMoral action (right or good), amoral action (no moral significance, neither right nor wrong), immoral action (wrong or bad).
4
4 marks
Name any four sources of morality.
Model answerReligion, philosophy, tradition, and culture.
5
2 marks
Define "values," and explain how they relate to morality.
Model answerValues are principles that people consider important; they are closely connected to morality because both help shape our behaviour and our lives.
6
3 marks
Name any three types of values.
Model answerAny three of: social values, moral values, aesthetic values, economic values, political values, cultural values.
7
2 marks
Define "moral value," and give two examples.
Model answerA moral value is something we consider important that helps us behave in a way good and acceptable to society; examples: unity, compassion, humility, sharing, empathy, cooperation (any two).
8
3 marks
Explain how the moral values of cooperation and botho are shown in Botswana.
Model answerCooperation is applied through practices such as motshelo and mafisa. Botho (being humane) is shown through hospitality to strangers, e.g. preparing an extra dish for any visitor.
9
3 marks
State the three levels at which moral values can be applied.
Model answerPersonal, social, and global level.
10
2 marks
Define "decision-making," and name the two types of decisions.
Model answerDecision-making is an act of reaching a conclusion about something, involving judgment and choices. Types: simple decisions and major/complex decisions.
11
5 marks
Name the five levels at which decisions are made.
Model answerPersonal, family, community, national, and global.
12
7 marks
List the seven steps of the decision-making process, in order.
Model answerIdentifying the problem, collecting information, identifying possible solutions, examining possible solutions, choosing the best alternative, evaluating the decision chosen, implementation/acting upon one's decision.
Topic 2
Personal DevelopmentPersonal Development
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A full-length mock paper in the JCE Moral Education exam style, drawing on every unit above. Work through it under timed conditions, then reveal each answer to mark yourself.
Paper 1 — Multiple Choice (August 2015)
Time allowed: 1 hour • Total marks: 40
Instructions
Answer all 40 questions.
Each question carries 1 mark. Choose the single best answer.
1
1 mark
What is a value?
A.What one believes in.
B.What one appreciates most.
C.What one is highly pleased with.
D.What one believes is important.
2
1 mark
Which one of the following is the importance of morality in a society?
A.It helps to punish wrongdoers.
B.It encourages people to be autonomous.
C.It encourages people to be more religious.
D.It promotes peace and harmony.
3
1 mark
"Do not desire another man's wife" — which source of morality do these words come from?
A.Philosophy
B.Culture
C.Religion
D.Values
Read the extract below and use it to answer questions 4 and 5
Lorato sat for the Junior Certificate Examination last year but did not do well. As a result, she was not admitted at Senior Secondary School. She therefore works as a housemaid. After working hours, she attends evening classes to improve her grades. She uses part of her earnings for her school fees.
4
1 mark
Which value is being applied by Lorato in this situation?
A.Respect
B.Self-reliance
C.Self-employment
D.Cooperation
5
1 mark
At what level was the value above applied?
A.Personal level
B.Global level
C.National level
D.Social level
6
1 mark
Which step comes after identifying the problem in the decision-making process?
A.Identifying possible solutions.
B.Acting on the best alternative.
C.Collecting relevant information.
D.Examining each alternative.
7
1 mark
What is low self-esteem?
A.Willingness to improve one's strengths.
B.Willingness to work on one's weaknesses.
C.Eagerness to accept advice from friends.
D.Reluctance to accept oneself.
Read the extract below and use it to answer question 8
Kabo is getting married. All members of his family have contributed some money to make the celebration a success.
8
1 mark
Which value is Kabo's family showing?
A.Cooperation
B.Respect
C.Authority
D.Celebration
9
1 mark
According to Philosophy, the ability to judge between right and wrong depends on one's capacity to…
A.think and reason well.
B.adhere to local traditions.
C.learn from past experiences.
D.follow teachings of a Supreme Being.
10
1 mark
How can suicide be prevented?
A.By ignoring one's problems.
B.By withdrawing from the company of others.
C.By isolating oneself from others.
D.By sharing problems with others.
11
1 mark
Values influence the way people act and behave by…
A.Influencing their choices and decisions.
B.Allowing people to behave as they wish.
C.Helping them to get along well with others.
D.Encouraging them to behave badly.
12
1 mark
A moral dilemma is a situation where…
A.Our moral values are in conflict.
B.Two or more moral values are in conflict.
C.Our moral values are not in conflict.
D.Our economic values are in conflict.
13
1 mark
Which of the following promotes interpersonal relationships?
A.Self-reliance
B.Respect
C.Boastfulness
D.Rudeness
Read the information below and use it to answer question 14
Tebogo helps her visually impaired neighbour by doing household chores for her. She always imagines herself in a similar situation.
14
1 mark
Which interpersonal skill is demonstrated by Tebogo?
A.Tolerance
B.Mentoring
C.Empathy
D.Courtesy
15
1 mark
Which of the following is a moral duty of citizens?
A.Money laundering
B.Child bearing
C.Tax evasion
D.Patriotism
16
1 mark
Which of the following can lower the dignity of people living with HIV and AIDS?
A.Prejudice and shame.
B.Shame and love.
C.Stereotyping and empathy.
D.Sympathy and hatred.
Use the information below to answer questions 17 and 18
A married couple, Lone and Bontsi, are unable to carry a pregnancy to full term. After several years of trying, they decide to ask Bontsi's cousin, Gontse, to carry the pregnancy for them.
17
1 mark
Which concept is described above?
A.Adoption
B.Surrogacy
C.In vitro fertilization
D.Artificial insemination
18
1 mark
Lone and Bontsi's decision may lead to the…
A.expectant mother suing the couple.
B.expectant mother killing the baby.
C.expectant mother divorcing the husband.
D.expectant mother refusing to hand over the baby.
19
1 mark
What does the Botswana law say about abortion?
A.It is allowed if the father denies paternity.
B.It is allowed under certain circumstances.
C.It can be performed when the mother insists.
D.It can be allowed when the parents-to-be agree on it.
20
1 mark
Which of the following views is against abortion?
A.Life begins at conception.
B.Abortion relieves pain.
C.A woman has the freedom to choose what is best for her.
D.Abortion gives a woman a chance to continue with her career.
21
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT a way of preventing child abandonment?
A.Legalizing child trafficking.
B.Punishing offenders harshly.
C.Reporting culprits to the police.
D.Making perpetrators aware of children's needs.
22
1 mark
Negative characteristics are also called…
A.Talents
B.Vices
C.Attitudes
D.Virtues
23
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT an element of self-concept?
A.Selfishness
B.Self-esteem
C.Self-confidence
D.Self-assertiveness
24
1 mark
A family helps in the moral development of children by…
A.Providing children with basic needs.
B.Paying school fees for children.
C.Teaching children accepted ways of behaviour.
D.Allowing children to choose their friends.
25
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of crime?
A.Unemployment
B.Greed
C.Drug abuse
D.Job security
26
1 mark
What makes an individual unique?
A.Social background
B.Personal attributes
C.Religious values
D.Cultural values
27
1 mark
The following are NOT values of family life in Botswana, EXCEPT…
A.Teenage pregnancy
B.Tribalism
C.Pomposity
D.Generosity
28
1 mark
Which one of the following is a way of managing family resources?
A.Planning and budgeting.
B.Increasing money through gambling.
C.Giving children money every day for movies.
D.Buying an expensive car every year.
29
1 mark
Which of the following actions can promote self-confidence?
A.Constant criticism
B.Intimidation
C.Being praised
D.Jealousy
30
1 mark
A person who breaks into somebody's car is engaged in…
A.Amoral behaviour
B.Moral behaviour
C.Non-moral behaviour
D.Immoral behaviour
31
1 mark
Which of the following is an example of sexual abuse of children?
A.Defilement
B.Intimidation
C.Scolding
D.Reprimanding
32
1 mark
Which of the following is an emotional change that occurs during adolescence?
A.The need to be accepted by one's peers.
B.Frequent changes in mood for no reason.
C.The need for independence from parents.
D.An improvement in the ability to reason.
33
1 mark
What role does the law play in human behaviour?
A.It allows people to express their views.
B.It allows people to establish their businesses.
C.It encourages people to adhere to taboos.
D.It encourages people to respect each other.
34
1 mark
The concept of animal rights is concerned with…
A.making sure that animals are killed.
B.treating animals in a proper manner.
C.ensuring that animals decrease in number.
D.making animals be treated like human beings.
35
1 mark
Which of the following statements shows a violation of men's rights?
A.Legalising payment of child maintenance by men.
B.Enacting and enforcing laws on gender equality.
C.Giving men harsher punishment than women.
D.Not allowing men to have multiple sex partners.
36
1 mark
Some people are against euthanasia because it…
A.can be abused.
B.is very expensive.
C.increases suffering.
D.is a sign of love.
37
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT an example of human rights violations?
A.Terrorism
B.Genocide
C.Equality
D.Slavery
38
1 mark
Which of the following promotes environmental sustainability?
A.Burning of chemicals
B.Tree planting
C.Pit latrines
D.Veld fires
39
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of genetically modified organisms?
A.Can make some people sick.
B.Can stay fresh for a long period.
C.Can increase yields.
D.Can increase profits.
40
1 mark
Which of the following is a government organization that reacts to cruelty to animals?
A.Forestry Association of Botswana.
B.Department of Water Affairs.
C.Botswana Defence Force Anti-Poaching Unit.
D.The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
Paper 2 — Structured Questions (August 2015)
Time allowed: 2 hours • Total marks: 60
Instructions
Answer ALL questions in Section A and Section B.
Section A carries 20 marks; Section B carries 40 marks.
Write in full sentences where an explanation or discussion is asked for.
Section A (20 marks)
1(a)
2 marks
What is a moral dilemma?
Model answer
A moral dilemma is a situation in which two or more moral values are in conflict, making it difficult to decide on the right course of action.
1(b)
2 marks
Give two examples of Batswana's cultural values.
Model answer
Any two of: botho (being humane, shown through hospitality to strangers), cooperation (shown through motshelo and mafisa), respect, and sharing.
1(c)
2 marks
Describe interpersonal skills.
Model answer
Interpersonal skills are the skills that help us relate to and get along with other people, such as empathy, dignity, honesty, a positive attitude, and courtesy.
1(d)
2 marks
Explain a way in which the law governs human behaviour.
Model answer
The law is based on moral principles and sets out accepted standards of behaviour, with consequences (such as punishment) for breaking them, which encourages people to respect each other and follow the rules of society.
1(e)
2 marks
Explain why it is important to live positively with HIV and AIDS.
Model answer
Living positively helps prolong a person's life, reduces stress by encouraging support from family, and helps reduce stigma and feelings of hopelessness that can otherwise lead to further health decline or suicidal thoughts.
Read the passage below and use it to answer questions 2(a)–2(e)
The chief, nurse, and parents of Jackalas No. 3 village, together with the school head, met at a kgotla to raise concern over an alarming rate of teenage girls dropping out of school since the arrival of a male-dominated construction company. Almost all the girls dropping out are admitted to hospital for illegal termination of pregnancy.
2(a)
1 mark
Give the main cause of girls dropping out of school.
Model answer
Teenage pregnancy, resulting from relationships with the men working at the construction company.
2(b)
2 marks
State any two strategies the nurse may share with the girl students to tackle this situation.
Model answer
Any two of: practising abstinence, using contraceptives/family planning correctly, attending sex education sessions, and seeking counselling or support from a trusted adult.
2(c)
3 marks
State three benefits of genetically modified organisms.
Model answer
Any three of: can enhance the quality of human life, can increase the yield of crops and animals, and can improve the overall quality of agricultural production.
2(d)
2 marks
Discuss one reason why there is a need for empathy towards others.
Model answer
Empathy makes us sensitive to the feelings of others, which helps us understand what they are going through, respond with compassion rather than judgement, and build stronger, more supportive relationships.
2(e)
2 marks
State two ways in which individuals can help curb cruelty towards animals.
Model answer
Any two of: educating others about animal welfare, reporting cases of cruelty to the authorities or organisations such as the SPCA, and providing animals with proper food, shelter, and care.
Section B (40 marks)
3(i)
6 marks
Describe any two factors that may lead to child abandonment.
Model answer
Any two of, described in full: (1) Poverty — a parent who cannot afford to feed, clothe, or care for a child may feel forced to abandon the child rather than watch them suffer. (2) Unwanted or teenage pregnancy — a young or unmarried mother may abandon a baby out of fear of shame, rejection by her family, or being unable to care for the child while still in school. (3) Lack of support from the child's father or family — when a mother is left to cope alone, with no financial or emotional help, she may feel unable to keep the child. (4) Mental health difficulties or extreme stress can also affect a parent's ability to care for and keep their child.
3(ii)
4 marks
Discuss two ways in which Batswana can curb child abandonment.
Model answer
Any two of, discussed in full: (1) Community and social welfare support — helping struggling parents with food, counselling, or financial assistance can remove the pressure that leads to abandonment. (2) Awareness campaigns — educating communities about children's rights and about legal, safe alternatives such as adoption can encourage parents to seek help instead of abandoning a child. (3) Reporting and law enforcement — encouraging people to report cases of abandonment, and imposing meaningful consequences on offenders, can deter the practice. (4) Family and social support structures — strengthening the role of extended family in caring for children can reduce the isolation that drives some parents to abandon their children.
4(a)
4 marks
Explain any two views on contraception.
Model answer
Any two of: The medical view supports contraception, as it allows people to plan their families and helps prevent the spread of STIs and HIV/AIDS. The religious view is mixed — most religions accept contraception, but the Roman Catholic Church opposes it, believing it interferes with procreation. The philosophical view holds that contraception is acceptable as long as a person has a good reason for using it, such as spacing the births of their children. The humanist view supports birth control, believing that planning the birth of a child promotes peace, love, and good values within the family.
4(b)
6 marks
Discuss two moral implications of traditional (natural) types of contraceptives.
Model answer
Any two of, discussed in full: (1) Natural methods such as the rhythm method and withdrawal are less reliable than modern methods, so a failure can lead to an unplanned pregnancy, which may cause conflict, blame, or hardship between partners. (2) Because natural methods, such as abstinence, do not involve artificial devices or drugs, some religious and cultural groups consider them more morally acceptable, since they avoid interfering with the body. (3) Methods such as withdrawal and the rhythm method offer no protection against STIs or HIV, unlike a condom, which raises health-related moral concerns even where pregnancy is avoided. (4) Reliance on abstinence-based methods requires trust and cooperation between partners, and can create tension if one partner is unwilling to comply.
5
10 marks
Discuss any two moral implications of child abuse.
Model answer
Any two of, discussed in full: (1) Trauma to the victim — child abuse causes serious physical, emotional, and psychological harm that can affect a child for the rest of their life, damaging their self-esteem and ability to trust others. (2) Violation of the child's rights — abuse denies the child their basic right to protection, dignity, and safe development, which both the Botswana Constitution and the Children's Charter are meant to guarantee. (3) Breakdown of trust and family relationships — when the abuser is a family member or someone trusted, it damages the child's sense of safety within the family and can lead to lasting family conflict. (4) Cycles of abuse — children who are abused may grow up to abuse others, or to accept abusive behaviour as normal, perpetuating the problem in society. (5) Legal and social consequences — child abuse is a punishable offence, and cases can bring shame, stigma, and legal costs to the family, alongside the risk of the child being removed from the home.
Read the information below and use it to answer question 6
Adolescents throughout the world regularly use the internet, cell phones, and video games to gather information or communicate with each other.
6
10 marks
Examine two risks that may arise from the use of social network media by adolescents.
Model answer
Any two of, examined in full: (1) Exposure to predators — adolescents can be targeted online by adults seeking to exploit, groom, or abuse them, since social media makes it easy to hide one's true identity and intentions. (2) Cyberbullying — adolescents may be harassed, humiliated, or threatened online, which can cause serious emotional distress, anxiety, depression, and in extreme cases has been linked to self-harm or suicide. (3) Exposure to inappropriate content — unrestricted internet access can expose adolescents to violent or sexual content that is not suitable for their age and can negatively affect their moral development and behaviour. (4) Addiction and neglect of responsibilities — excessive use of social media, cell phones, and video games can lead adolescents to neglect schoolwork, family relationships, and sleep. (5) Risks to personal safety — sharing personal information (location, photos, routines) online can expose adolescents to real-world danger, such as being tracked or approached by strangers.
Paper 1 — Multiple Choice (2016)
Time allowed: 1 hour • Total marks: 40
Instructions
Answer all 40 questions.
Each question carries 1 mark. Choose the single best answer.
1
1 mark
What is morality?
A.A set of ideas regarding what is right or wrong.
B.A set of ideas regarding how a certain society operates.
C.Rules and regulations in support of what is right in a society.
D.Rules and regulations in support of what is right in any given situation.
2
1 mark
Respect, honesty, and self-reliance are examples of…
A.Family values
B.Moral values
C.Aesthetic values
D.Educational values
3
1 mark
How can children's autonomy be promoted?
A.By involving peers in decision making.
B.By involving them in adults' issues.
C.By making education accessible to them.
D.By giving them access to stimulants.
4
1 mark
Which factor can retard interpersonal relationships?
A.Prejudice
B.Respect
C.Sympathy
D.Confidence
5
1 mark
What is empathy?
A.Making others feel pity for oneself.
B.Feeling pity and sorry for someone.
C.Sharing another person's feelings and emotions.
D.Discussing one's problems with others.
Read the information below and use it to answer question 6
A teenage boy was found hanging on the rafters of his bedroom. In his pocket was a note that read, "I am tired of living."
6
1 mark
Which of the following terms describes the incident above?
A.Homicide
B.Infanticide
C.Genocide
D.Suicide
7
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT an example of modern contraception?
A.Diaphragm
B.Condom
C.Withdrawal
D.Intra-uterine device
8
1 mark
In a society where there is no law and order, people are likely to…
A.Maintain peace and harmony.
B.Be involved in criminal activities.
C.Ensure that discipline is upheld.
D.Discourage unacceptable actions.
9
1 mark
Why would a person choose to be celibate?
A.For religious reasons.
B.For social reasons.
C.For selfish reasons.
D.For medical reasons.
10
1 mark
How can one detect a tendency to suicide?
A.The person seems oppressed.
B.The person has self-esteem.
C.The person is depressed.
D.The person is assertive.
11
1 mark
Fornication is sexual intimacy between…
A.People who are not married.
B.A man and another man.
C.A man and an animal.
D.People who are living together.
12
1 mark
Which of the following hinders self-confidence?
A.Having a positive attitude.
B.Willingness to try new things.
C.Believing that one is capable of doing all things.
D.Believing that one is unable to do certain things.
Read the information below and use it to answer question 13
After stealing his neighbour's cow, Goitsemodimo was sentenced to five years' imprisonment by a magistrate's court. During his imprisonment, farmers in his village were happy since no stock theft occurred. While in prison, Goitsemodimo learnt some vocational skills to survive on upon his release from prison.
13
1 mark
Which of the following is a benefit of punishment for Goitsemodimo and his community respectively?
A.Deterrence and protection
B.Deterrence and conversion
C.Rehabilitation and protection
D.Rehabilitation and conversion
14
1 mark
Which of the following would be regarded as a reason for committing crime?
A.Consultation
B.Poverty
C.Self-reliance
D.Counselling
15
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT a moral implication of artificial insemination by donor?
A.Children may grow up not knowing one another.
B.There can be friction between husband and wife.
C.Children are true biological offsprings of the couple.
D.There is a chance of incest occurring among the children.
16
1 mark
Fairness can be best described as a situation in which…
A.One side is favoured more than the other.
B.Both sides are treated in a reasonably just way.
C.The weaker side is supported.
D.Both sides are treated badly.
17
1 mark
Which method is used for carrying out capital punishment?
A.Beheading
B.Flogging
C.Life imprisonment
D.Community service
18
1 mark
What do organizations like Emang Basadi promote?
A.The rights of men
B.The rights of women
C.The equality among women
D.The rights of men over women
19
1 mark
Which of the following is a moral duty of a citizen?
A.Avoiding tax payment
B.Agreeing with peers
C.Abiding by the laws
D.Agreeing to play truant
20
1 mark
What is induced abortion?
A.Expulsion of the foetus from the mother's womb.
B.A deliberate termination of pregnancy.
C.An accidental expulsion of the foetus from the womb.
D.The removal of the foetus through an operation.
21
1 mark
The role played by the family towards the moral development of children is to socialize them into the…
A.Norms and values of the society.
B.Mainstream behaviour of society.
C.Behaviour of the youth.
D.Behaviour of the elders.
22
1 mark
Which of the following is an example of violence?
A.Unfair access to opportunities.
B.Unequal treatment of people.
C.Unauthorised entry to other people's property.
D.Unlawful exercise of physical force.
23
1 mark
Which of the following best describes environmental sustainability?
A.Careful planting of trees in an area.
B.Careful usage of natural resources.
C.Recycling of natural resources.
D.Keeping the right number of livestock in an area.
24
1 mark
Which of the following is an organization that responds to environmental mismanagement in Botswana?
A.Kalahari Conservation Society
B.Rural Industries Innovation Centre
C.Botswana Orientation Centre
D.Kuru Development Trust
25
1 mark
Which of the following is a solution to child abandonment?
A.Selling contraceptives at high prices.
B.Giving women more rights than men.
C.Making sure that children are taught how to obey their parents.
D.Putting in place strict laws which will help eliminate the problem.
26
1 mark
Which of the following is an impact of sexual abuse on the child?
A.Maturity and intelligence
B.Disability and displacement
C.Depression and aggression
D.Self-esteem and self-confidence
Read the information below and use it to answer question 27
Sono is aged 17 years. She stays with her parents and her male cousin called Momo. In many instances, Sono and Momo have sexual intercourse when the elders are away or asleep.
27
1 mark
Which of the following practices are Sono and Momo involved in?
A.Rape and fornication
B.Incest and fornication
C.Prostitution and incest
D.Fornication and adultery
28
1 mark
Why is it cruel to use animals for medical experiments?
A.It is only of benefit to human beings and not animals.
B.It is only of benefit to animals and not human beings.
C.It results in the use of medical equipment.
D.It results in the destruction of plant life.
29
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT a possible violation of human rights in Botswana?
A.Wife battering
B.Husband battering
C.Sexual abuse of children
D.Religious tolerance
30
1 mark
Which of the following sources of morality according to philosophy has been suggested by Emmanuel Kant?
A.Feelings of benevolence and sympathy towards others.
B.The desire for pleasure and happiness and to avoid pain.
C.The human mind.
D.The golden rule.
Read the information below and use it to answer questions 31 and 32
Mpho is a Form One student who does not like to do anything wrong, both at school and at home. He goes out with a group of boys who regularly steal fruits from the school orchard. These boys disappear for a while, after which one of them hands over to Mpho a plastic bag full of mangoes and peaches to carry. Mpho does not want to disappoint his friends, but he does not like their bad practices either.
31
1 mark
What is Mpho experiencing in the situation given above?
A.Cowardice
B.Friendship
C.Peer pressure
D.Indiscipline
32
1 mark
Which of the following could hinder Mpho's relationship with his friends?
A.Doing anything that disappoints them.
B.Doing anything that does not disappoint them.
C.Accepting them as they are.
D.Loving and caring for them.
33
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT a cultural practice that can be used to overcome infertility?
A.Artificial insemination
B.Traditional healing
C.Polygamy
D.Adoption
34
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT a moral implication of homosexuality?
A.People who practice it may suffer discrimination.
B.People who practice it may not have their own children.
C.It may encourage the spread of sexually transmitted infections.
D.It may encourage population growth where it is legal.
35
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT a potential danger of genetically modified organisms?
A.Damage to human health
B.Interference with nature
C.Damage to the environment
D.Enhanced taste and quality
36
1 mark
Opponents of cloning argue that it…
A.Increases organ supply.
B.Helps to overcome infertility.
C.Helps farmers to improve breeding.
D.Is done by people who want to play God.
37
1 mark
Nepotism is bad because it…
A.Avoids civil war in a country.
B.Promotes social harmony.
C.Benefits undeserving workers.
D.Improves economic growth.
38
1 mark
Abstinence is a situation where a person…
A.Gets involved in sex with many partners.
B.Is not involved in sexual activities.
C.Indulges in sex before marriage.
D.Has sex with a relative.
39
1 mark
How does teenage pregnancy affect the victim?
A.It influences one to be more responsible.
B.It increases one's chances of marriage.
C.It may lead to depression.
D.It may bring disgrace to one's family.
40
1 mark
Which of the following is a set of children's rights in the constitution of Botswana?
A.The right to nationality, employment, and name.
B.The right to name, marriage, and medical care.
C.The right to education, discipline, and medical care.
D.The right to nationality, medical care, and education.
Paper 2 — Structured Questions (2016)
Time allowed: 2 hours • Total marks: 60
Instructions
Answer ALL questions in Section A and Section B.
Section A carries 20 marks; Section B carries 40 marks.
Write in full sentences where an explanation or discussion is asked for.
Section A (20 marks)
1
2 marks
Explain decision-making.
Model answer
Decision-making is the process of making judgments and choices in order to reach a conclusion about something. It happens at different levels — personal, family, community, national, and global.
2
2 marks
Explain one aspect of morality.
Model answer
Any one of: moral action — an action that is right or good; amoral action — an action with no moral significance, neither right nor wrong; immoral action — an action that is wrong or bad.
3
3 marks
State three types of values.
Model answer
Any three of: social values, moral values, aesthetic values, economic values, political values, and cultural values.
4
2 marks
Describe one way in which changes in adolescence influence the behaviour of adolescents.
Model answer
Any one way, described in full, e.g.: the adolescent need for independence from parents can make a teenager more assertive or rebellious, as they push to make more of their own decisions; or frequent, unpredictable mood changes can make an adolescent's behaviour seem inconsistent to those around them; or the need to be accepted by peers can push an adolescent toward behaviour (positive or negative) that helps them fit in with their friend group.
5(i)
2 marks
"Suicide is avoidable." Give any two reasons to support the above statement.
Model answer
Any two of: proper counselling structures can be put in place to support someone who is struggling before they reach a crisis point; a person can be encouraged to share their problems with a trusted adult or friend rather than isolating themselves, allowing early help; and parents and family members who consider and respond to a young person's needs can reduce the pressures that lead to suicidal thoughts.
5(ii)
4 marks
Describe any two ways how the community in Botswana reacts towards a person who has attempted to commit suicide.
Model answer
Any two of, described in full: (1) Some community members and family respond with compassion, offering counselling, emotional support, and involving religious or traditional leaders to help the person cope and heal. (2) Others may respond with stigma or shunning, viewing the attempt through cultural or religious beliefs that treat suicide as shameful or taboo, which can isolate the person further. (3) The community may involve health authorities or the police, referring the person for medical and psychological treatment.
Read the statement below and use it to answer question 6(a)
"Lame is always quiet, one can never know if she is happy or hurting."
6(a)
2 marks
How can Lame's character affect her relationship with others?
Model answer
Because Lame rarely shows her feelings, other people may find it hard to know what she needs or how she is coping, making it difficult for them to offer support. Her quietness could also be misread as unfriendliness or disinterest, which may weaken her relationships with others.
6(b)
4 marks
Explain two roles played by fathers in the moral development of children.
Model answer
Any two of, explained in full: (1) Fathers provide guidance and discipline, teaching children the norms and values accepted by society and correcting behaviour that falls outside them. (2) Fathers act as role models, since children often learn how to behave, including how to treat other people, by observing their father's own conduct. (3) Fathers can provide financial and emotional support and protection, giving children the sense of security they need to develop confidently and make good moral choices.
Section B (40 marks)
7(a)
5 marks
Discuss two ways in which mass media can influence people's behaviour.
Model answer
Mass media can influence behaviour positively, for example through educational programmes and health campaigns (such as HIV/AIDS awareness) that inform people and encourage responsible decisions. It can also influence behaviour negatively, since exposure to violent or sexual content in movies, music, or video games — especially among young people — can encourage imitation of harmful or immoral behaviour.
7(b)
5 marks
Discuss two ways in which beliefs can influence people's behaviour.
Model answer
Religious and cultural beliefs can influence behaviour positively by encouraging values such as respect, honesty, and abstinence, since these are upheld as moral standards within the belief system. Beliefs can also influence behaviour negatively, for instance when superstition or tradition leads people to refuse necessary medical treatment, or to discriminate against or mistreat others because of beliefs about gender, disability, or misfortune.
8
10 marks
Describe the roles of any two correctional institutions.
Model answer
Any two of, described in full: (1) Prisons house convicted offenders, serving both as punishment (removing the offender's freedom) and as a place for rehabilitation, offering programmes such as vocational skills training to prepare inmates to reintegrate into society on release. (2) Probation and community service programmes supervise offenders who serve all or part of their sentence within the community, allowing them to reform while remaining connected to their family and social support systems. (3) Reformatory or industrial schools for young offenders focus on education, discipline, and rehabilitation rather than harsh punishment, aiming to help juveniles become responsible, law-abiding citizens.
9(a)
4 marks
Explain two ways in which the family is supported during bereavement.
Model answer
Any two of, explained in full: (1) Emotional support — relatives, friends, and community members visit, comfort, and counsel the bereaved family, helping them cope with grief. (2) Material support — community members contribute money, food, or livestock (for example through motshelo-style group contributions) to help cover funeral costs and ease the family's financial burden.
9(b)(i)
3 marks
Discuss one effect of death on the bereaved family.
Model answer
Death causes emotional distress and grief within the family, which can affect members' wellbeing and ability to carry out normal daily activities for some time. It can also place financial strain on the family, since funerals and related expenses are often costly.
9(b)(ii)
3 marks
Discuss one effect of death on society.
Model answer
The loss of a member who contributed to the community, for example through their skills, leadership, or labour, can reduce the community's overall capacity. At the same time, death also affects the wider community emotionally, and often brings people together in mourning and mutual support, which can strengthen communal bonds.
10
10 marks
Discuss two moral implications of environmental mismanagement.
Model answer
Any two of, discussed in full: (1) Health risks — pollution and littering can spread disease and endanger the wellbeing of people and animals, which is morally wrong because it violates people's right to a safe and healthy environment. (2) Injustice to future generations — over-exploiting resources through practices such as deforestation and overgrazing deprives future generations of resources they are entitled to, raising questions of fairness between generations. (3) Loss of biodiversity — mismanagement can drive plant and animal species to extinction, which many consider a failure of humanity's responsibility to protect other forms of life. (4) Economic and social harm — environmental damage, such as veld fires destroying grazing land, can impoverish communities that depend on natural resources, creating hardship and sometimes conflict over what remains.
Paper 1 — Multiple Choice (August 2017)
Time allowed: 1 hour • Total marks: 40
Instructions
Answer all 40 questions.
Each question carries 1 mark. Choose the single best answer.
1
1 mark
Which of the following is an example of a political value?
A.Registering
B.Voting
C.Beauty
D.Racing
2
1 mark
What is the role of empathy for others?
A.It helps us to understand others better.
B.It helps us to understand ourselves better.
C.It helps others to understand themselves better.
D.It helps others to misunderstand us.
3
1 mark
Decisions whose consequences do not matter much are usually known as…
A.Complex decisions
B.Major decisions
C.Important decisions
D.Routine decisions
4
1 mark
The sixth step in decision-making is to…
A.Identify the problem
B.Identify possible solutions
C.Act upon the chosen alternative
D.Evaluate the decision
5
1 mark
Self-esteem can be hindered by…
A.Constant criticism
B.Constant reward
C.Constant appraisal
D.Constant praise
6
1 mark
Sexual makeup refers to…
A.Reproduction
B.Social roles
C.Gender roles
D.Biological differences
7
1 mark
Which of these facts is true of Amnesty International?
A.It is a religious organization.
B.It is a political organization.
C.It campaigns against unfair imprisonment.
D.It campaigns against abuse of animals.
Read the scenario below and use it to answer question 8Tourism threatens Ngamiland farmers — The growing lucrative tourism in the Ngamiland district has left farmers in fear of being relocated by government in favour of tourism development. (Source: WeekendPost, Sat 07–13 March 2015)
8
1 mark
What are the moral implications of the scenario on farmers?
A.Loss of livestock.
B.Loss of grazing land.
C.Emergence of animal diseases.
D.Restocking of animals.
9
1 mark
Which of the following is a moral issue that arises from the school as a social institution?
A.Students should be supplied with toilet paper.
B.Breastfeeding students should be given a break every day.
C.Students should be given the same amount of food.
D.Condoms should always be available at the students' toilets.
10
1 mark
Which of the following is a characteristic of a dictator?
A.Tells people to do something without consulting them.
B.Politely asks people to do something.
C.Hesitantly suggests that people do something.
D.Consults people and then tells them what to do.
11
1 mark
Which of the following violations of human rights was common during the apartheid era in South Africa?
A.Slavery
B.Genocide
C.Racism
D.Ethnicity
12
1 mark
Homosexuality is the relationship between people of…
A.The same race
B.The opposite sex
C.Different races
D.The same sex
13
1 mark
Abstinence can be defined as…
A.Keeping away from friends
B.Staying away from multiple partners
C.Keeping away from sex
D.Staying with many sexual partners
14
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of teenage pregnancy?
A.Becoming infertile
B.Low population growth
C.Low birth weight for the baby
D.High chances of contracting diseases
15
1 mark
Who is entitled to the rights as stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
A.All men
B.All women
C.All children
D.All human beings.
16
1 mark
Xenophobia is defined as attacks on…
A.Locals
B.Visitors
C.Foreigners
D.Tourists
17
1 mark
Which of the following is a possible example of human rights violations in Botswana?
A.Imprisoning people who commit crimes.
B.The use of corporal punishment.
C.Making unmarried fathers pay child maintenance.
D.Teaching children about their rights.
18
1 mark
Which of the following organizations in Botswana provides a place of safety for every young child?
A.Ditshwanelo
B.Emang Basadi
C.Childline
D.BONELA
Use the information below to answer questions 19 and 20
Mr. Water's goat has a broken leg. He instructs the head boy to kill it during a family gathering.
19
1 mark
The above scenario shows…
A.Respect of animal rights.
B.A concern about animals' health.
C.Mercy killing of animals.
D.Animal cruelty practice.
20
1 mark
What must Mr. Water do as a responsible response to the goat situation?
A.He must give away the goat.
B.He must take it to veterinary offices.
C.He must take it to the nearest clinic.
D.He must report at the police station.
21
1 mark
Which one of the following abuse practices is matched correctly with its example?
A.Emotional — rape
B.Sexual — insults
C.Neglect — fondling
D.Physical — beating
22
1 mark
According to the Botswana constitution, a child is anybody aged…
A.18 years only.
B.18 years and above.
C.18 years and below.
D.Between 18 years.
23
1 mark
Which of the following explains a human clone?
A.A copy of a person.
B.A representative of a person.
C.A twin brother of a person.
D.A twin sister of a person.
24
1 mark
Children who are neglected by their parents often have…
A.Positive attitude
B.High self-esteem
C.Low self-esteem
D.An assertive character
25
1 mark
Having many livestock in a small grazing area may lead to…
A.Soil fertility
B.Soil erosion
C.Soil acidity
D.Soil alkalinity
26
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of child abuse?
A.Leaving children alone.
B.Asking lifts from strangers.
C.Leaving children with anybody.
D.Taking a walk with children.
27
1 mark
What are the financial benefits of taking care of animals?
A.They can be sold at a high price.
B.They can be sold at a low price.
C.The animals can always have food.
D.The animals cannot have diseases.
28
1 mark
What are the health benefits of taking care of animals?
A.They can be sold at a high price.
B.They can be sold at a low price.
C.The animals can always have food.
D.The animals cannot have diseases.
Use the information below to answer questions 29 and 30
Oaboloka is a mother of two children aged 2 and 5 years respectively. She rarely bathes them and takes them to the chibuku depot every morning, as she believes they are wasting her time. She only gives them food in the morning when she leaves.
29
1 mark
The above scenario shows…
A.Physical abuse and child abandonment
B.Neglect and physical abuse
C.Emotional and sexual abuse
D.Neglect and child abandonment
30
1 mark
Underfeeding a child may pose a…
A.Educational problem.
B.Social problem.
C.Health problem.
D.National problem.
31
1 mark
Rape is an offence against…
A.Persons.
B.Property.
C.Public order.
D.Road traffic act.
32
1 mark
A will is important because it expresses the wishes of the…
A.Family
B.Society
C.Bereaved
D.Deceased
33
1 mark
Suicide is killing…
A.Oneself intentionally
B.Oneself accidentally
C.Someone intentionally
D.Someone accidentally
34
1 mark
What is male infertility?
A.A man's ability to conceive
B.A man's inability to induce conception
C.A woman's inability to induce conception
D.A woman's ability to conceive
35
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT a moral implication of artificial insemination by the donor?
A.Children may grow up not knowing one another.
B.There can be friction between husband and wife.
C.Children are true biological offspring of the couple.
D.There is a chance of incest occurring among children.
36
1 mark
Morality is important because it…
A.Makes sure that people are treated fairly.
B.Helps society to punish actions that are right.
C.Helps people to act irresponsibly.
D.Guides the way people in society should behave.
37
1 mark
Some people choose to be celibate because…
A.Of their religious beliefs.
B.They have failed to fulfill marriage promises.
C.They are afraid of contracting deadly diseases.
D.Of their moral values.
38
1 mark
Which of the following is a moral implication of abortion?
A.It enables a woman to get married.
B.It can deny a woman her rights.
C.It can make a woman infertile.
D.It may discourage promiscuity.
Read the extract below and use it to answer question 39
Tshepiso got grade U in Form 3 and was not admitted at Form 4. She therefore works as a cleaner at Choppies stores. After working hours, she attends evening classes to improve her grades. She uses part of her earnings to pay for her school fees.
39
1 mark
Which value is being applied by Tshepiso in this situation?
A.Respect
B.Cooperation
C.Self-employment
D.Self-reliance
40
1 mark
Which of the following is NOT a sexual practice?
A.Rape
B.Adultery
C.Chastity
D.Fornication
Paper 2 — Structured Questions (August 2017)
Time allowed: 2 hours • Total marks: 60
Instructions
Answer ALL questions in Section A and Section B.
Section A carries 20 marks; Section B carries 40 marks.
Write in full sentences where an explanation or discussion is asked for.
Section A — Short Answer Questions (20 marks)
1(a)
5 marks
Define the following terms: (i) Xenophobia (ii) Employer (iii) Monogamy (iv) Fraud (v) Values.
Model answer
(i) Xenophobia — an intense dislike or fear of foreigners. (ii) Employer — a person or organisation that hires and pays workers to do a job. (iii) Monogamy — marriage to only one spouse at a time. (iv) Fraud — an economic crime that involves deceiving someone, usually to gain money or property illegally. (v) Values — principles that people consider important, which guide their behaviour and decisions.
1(b)
2 marks
State two factors that promote self-esteem.
Model answer
Any two of: being praised and encouraged by others, and recognising and building on one's own strengths and achievements.
1(c)
2 marks
State two requirements of starting ARV treatment.
Model answer
Being confirmed HIV positive with a CD4 count below 200, or having an AIDS-defining illness such as tuberculosis; and undergoing counselling to prepare for treatment.
Read the scenario below and use it to answer question 1(d)
Ofana is always punished for coming late every morning to school. He does not like being late, so he is always frustrated by his late-coming.
1(d)
2 marks
Suggest two things that Ofana must do to overcome his negative characteristic.
Model answer
Any two of: waking up earlier and planning his morning routine so he can leave home in time; identifying the specific cause of his lateness (e.g. transport, oversleeping) and addressing it directly; and seeking advice or help from a parent or teacher.
Read the extract below and use it to answer questions 2(a) and 2(b)
New York — The 193-member UN General Assembly on Thursday observed a moment of silence in memory of the President of Zambia, Michael Sata. (Source: Daily News, 3 Nov 2014, No. 204, p. 20)
2(a)
2 marks
State two moral values shown by the UN General Assembly.
Model answer
Respect (for the deceased leader) and unity/solidarity (member states standing together to honour him).
2(b)
1 mark
At which level are the moral values applied?
Model answer
Global level.
3
2 marks
State two negative effects of infertility in the family.
Model answer
Any two of: it can cause marital conflict or even divorce due to the pressure to have children, and it can lead to emotional distress or stigma for the couple within the family and wider community.
4
2 marks
Suggest two possible solutions to domestic violence.
Model answer
Any two of: seeking counselling or professional help for those involved, reporting cases to the police so offenders face legal consequences, and setting up support shelters or helplines for victims.
5
2 marks
Give two examples of social institutions.
Model answer
Any two of: the family, the school, the church, and regiments (mephato).
Section B — Essay Questions (40 marks)
6
10 marks
Discuss two ways in which mismanagement of family resources may lead to poverty.
Model answer
Any two of, discussed in full: (1) Spending on non-essential or wasteful items, such as gambling or buying an expensive car every year, instead of saving or investing, depletes family resources and leaves little for necessities such as food, school fees, and healthcare, which can push the family into poverty. (2) Failing to plan and budget means the family may run out of money before the next income is received, forcing them into debt; the interest on that debt further reduces their financial stability over time.
7(a)
5 marks
Describe the material and physical support given to the bereaved.
Model answer
Community members contribute money, food, or livestock, and provide labour, such as setting up tents, cooking, and digging the grave, to help ease the practical and financial burden of the funeral on the bereaved family.
7(b)
5 marks
Describe the spiritual and emotional support given to the bereaved.
Model answer
Religious and traditional leaders offer prayers, comforting words, and rituals that give meaning to the loss and hope to the bereaved, while family, friends, and community members visit to sit with, comfort, and counsel the bereaved, helping them process their grief.
8
10 marks
Discuss two reasons why children under 18 years are not allowed in bars and shebeens.
Model answer
Any two of, discussed in full: (1) It protects children from exposure to alcohol and drug use at a young age, which could otherwise encourage them to imitate this behaviour and develop harmful habits early in life. (2) Bars and shebeens can expose children to inappropriate behaviour, violence, or unwanted sexual advances from adults, putting their safety and moral development at risk. (3) It is illegal for minors to consume alcohol, so restricting them from such venues helps prevent underage drinking and its associated health and legal consequences.
9
10 marks
Discuss two situations that may lead to child abuse.
Model answer
Any two of, discussed in full: (1) Poverty and financial stress can cause a caregiver to become frustrated and take that stress out on a child through physical or emotional abuse, or can lead a caregiver to neglect a child's basic needs. (2) Substance abuse (alcohol or drugs) by a parent or caregiver can impair judgement and increase aggression, making abuse more likely. (3) A lack of parenting knowledge or skills about appropriate discipline can lead adults to use excessive or inappropriate punishment. (4) Leaving a child in the care of unsuitable or unknown adults, such as strangers or unsupervised situations, increases the risk of exploitation or abuse.
Morutabana / study